Ann Lewandowski, University of Minnesota, 612-624- 6765

When excess algae and low oxygen are a problem in lakes, the common culprit in Minnesota is excess phosphorus. Where that phosphorus comes from – and the most effective strategy for reducing it – varies from one watershed to the next. Since it is impractical to measure phosphorus runoff from every corner of a watershed, planners turn to models to estimate where it’s coming from and how much reduction could be achieved from each source.

In Minnesota, a model for analyzing phosphorus (and other water quality issues) is the Minnesota Watershed Treatment Model (MWTM). A similar model has been used for many years in Maryland and other states, but a version for Minnesota was developed recently and is now available for field testing. The MWTM, which can be useful for educating stakeholders, estimates and compares the relative phosphorus contribution from various sources. It is free and is based on Microsoft Excel so no specialized computer expertise or software is required.

Four training sessions for the MWTM are scheduled for June across central Minnesota: St. Cloud area (June 6), Alexandria (June 7), Park Rapids (June 21), and Brainerd (June 22). All sessions are from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. Workshops are free, but class size is limited so please pre-register. To register, contact Ann Lewandowski (612-624-6765, alewand@umn.edu).

Val Were, University of Minnesota Extension, 612-624-7430

Legislation such as the Clean Water Act of 1972 made water resources management an important part of environmental policy in Minnesota. Whereas in other states water quantity is often the issue, Minnesota is focused on improving the water quality of its abundant streams and lakes.

Monitoring is essential to assessing changes in water quality. By collecting and analyzing water samples, we can identify trends over time and also identify emerging problems. Where pollution control programs are implemented, monitoring helps determine whether the programs are working and in general helps direct pollution control efforts where they are most needed.

In 2006, the University’s Extension Program Outdoor Corps again provided water quality monitoring services to lake associations and communities for a fee. Clients received a lake sampling package that included temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH profiles and chemical analysis to total phosphorous and chlorophyll-a. They could also opt for a presentation at the end of the sampling season for an additional fee. Two adult supervisors and eight high school students worked during the summer sampling in Benton, Stearns, Cass, Crow Wing, Kandiyohi, and Meeker counties. Samples were collected at a total of 33 sites on 27 lakes and sent for total phosphorous and chlorophyll-a analysis to A.W. Research Lab in Brainerd. For more on the program and its activities, please visit http://www.outdoor-corps.net/.

In 2007, the Outdoor Corps team will not be providing water sampling services. We will focus on redesigning the program to ensure its long term sustainability, purchasing new equipment, applying for grant dollars, and building a stronger network of supporters. We plan to gather information from our clients, partners, and supporters this summer. If you are interested in participating in this process please call Val Were at 612-624-7430 or send an e-mail to were0005@umn.edu.

We have added a new feature to the From Shore to Shore Web site! You can still browse archived issues, but now you can also find articles by topic using a searchable database. To try it out, go to www.shorelandmanagement.org and click on “shore to shore news.” Under “Search for Shoreland Information,” click on the link, then type in a topic and search. As a bonus, articles are easy to cut and paste for use in your lake association newsletter.

Barb Luikkonen, Water Resources Center and Minnesota Sea Grant Program, 612-625-9256

Recent research conducted by Matt Lindon and Steve Heiskary of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) investigated blue-green algal Cyanobacteria) toxicity in our Minnesota lakes. In Minnesota, accounts of algal toxicity go back to the 1800s, but it seems we’re hearing more about the problem these days.

In 2004, three dog deaths were attributed to algal toxicity, including one on Fish Lake in Kanabec County, and two on Lake Benton in Lincoln County. In 2005, the MPCA joined the state departments of Natural Resources and Health and the Minnesota Veterinary Medicine Association to form the Minnesota Blue-green Algal Toxicity Workgroup. In 2006, a study on Microcystin was conducted on twelve eutrophic (nutrient rich) lakes in south central Minnesota. The study lakes were selected based on a history of high algal levels.”

Many algae species produce toxins that can have adverse effects on animals, (including humans). Probably the most studied algal toxin is Microcystin (MC). MC, a hepatoxin (relating to liver damage) is produced by several bluegreen species including: Microsystis, anabaena, planktohrix, nostoc, and hapalo-siphon, and some other algal species. Some algae, such as anabaena, also produce neurotoxins like anatoxin and saxitoxin. The type and amount of toxins produced can also vary among different strains of toxin producing species.

Currently there are no guidelines or standards for Microcystin levels in Minnesota lakes. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a standard for drinking water of <1 ppb and these standards for recreational exposure:

• Level 1: 4 ppb (avoid bathing, emerging head, or ingestion)
• Level 2: 20 ppb (avoid visible scums or strong green color)
• Level 3: Surface scum (avoid spray, wear protective clothing)

For this study, researchers used the following Risk Categories: 1 ppb MC = Very Low (below drinking water guideline), 1-10 = Low; 10-20 = Moderate; 20-2000 = High; >2000 = Very High.

They studied 12 eutrophic or hypereutrophic lakes in south central Minnesota during the summer of 2006, sampling six times from May to September. They sampled twice on each lake: once at a mid-lake “pelagic” site for which they ran a full water chemistry analysis and MC; and at a second site near shore where they analyzed for MC and chlorophyll-a.

Their study was designed to address these questions:

• What levels of MC would typically occur in eutrophic/hypereutrophic MN Lakes?
• Would near-shore results differ from pelagic sites?
• How did MC levels vary through the summer?
• What limnological and physical factors appear to be associated with high MC concentrations?

Initial results from their research indicated that there are no strong seasonal patterns evident in these Minnesota lakes, that there was a greater occurrence of high-risk levels at near-shore sites, and that the likelihood of encountering high risk MC levels near shore was increased when there was a surface scum present.

Twenty-five percent of the results (from all lakes, all sample dates) exceeded the WHO low risk category. As algal bloom intensity increased, there was a greater likelihood of encountering high MC values; when chlorophyll-a exceeded 30 ppb (severe nuisance bloom levels) the risk of finding high MC levels increased to ~ 15%. In contrast, at lower bloom levels, (<30 ppb chlorophyll-a), MC was always in the low risk category.

Other limnological factors that appear to be associated with high MC levels include higher pH, higher total suspended volatile solids, higher chlorophyll-a content, and a higher percent of chlorophyll-a from MC producers. As the Secchi disk depth and alkalinity decreased, the likelihood of toxic algal blooms seemed to increase.

In conclusion, MC was detected regularly in these 12 eutrophic lakes in south central Minnesota, and at some concerning levels:

• 94% of the MC results were above the low risk level;
• 25% of the MC results were above the WHO low risk category;
• The likelihood of a moderate to high risk of MC at a near-shore site when scum was present was 25%.

This report, titled Microcystin Levels in Eutrophic South Central Minnesota Lakes, will be posted on the PCA web site later this month.

Questions? Contact Matt Lindon at the MPCA, at Matthew.Lindon@state.mn.us

A comparison of all four lake groups in July

Jennifer L.K. Klang, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

Minnesota is known for its many lakes. Our lakes differ in terms of size, shape, and depth and can also vary in quality and condition, ranging from exceptionally good (oligotrophic) to extremely poor (hypereutrophic). Secchi transparency, or clarity, is a quick and easy measurement of lake’s water quality. Secchi transparency provides an indirect measure of the amount of suspended material in the water, which in many Minnesota lakes is the amount of algae in the water. Secchi transparency can vary greatly among Minnesota’s lakes and tends to decrease as algal concentrations increase over the summer. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) has developed a slide show that follows the change in Secchi transparency for four Minnesota lakes for one season (May – October). The lakes are from four different water quality classifications: oligotrophic to hypereutrophic. You can compare the four categories to each other, or you can watch the water clarity of each of the four lake groups as they change over the summer in response to increases or decreases in algae levels. There are some “underwater” shots as well. To visit the MPCA’s Secchi Transparency Slide Show, visit www.pca.state.mn.us/water/secchislideshow.html.

For more information contact: Johanna Schussler, Volunteer Monitoring Coordinator, johanna.schussler@pca.state.mn.us, 651-282-6411 – Twin Cities Metro, 800-657-3864 – Greater MN only

This is a useful guide for people with no prior botanical training to identify most families of aquatic plants found in Minnesota lakes and rivers—even when the plants are not blooming. This laminated publication includes detailed information on aquatic invasive species, a glossary of basic botanical terms, and aquatic plant references. Cost: $20 Item: 08242

To purchase online, visit shop.extension.umn.edu.

Karen L. Terry, University of Minnesota Extension, 888-241-0843

In the last issue, we asked you to take a few moments and respond to the reader survey about From Shore to Shore. THANK YOU to all of you who have responded! If you have not yet taken the survey, it’s not too late. We value your feedback so please participate. All responses will be kept anonymous.

If you receive this newsletter as a mailed hard copy, the survey was inserted as an extra page that we asked you to fill it out, fold and mail. The survey can also be completed online by visiting www.shorelandmanagement.org, clicking on “shore to shore news,” and navigating to the January/February 2007 issue in the archive. If you receive this newsletter online, just click HERE, and you’ll be directed to an easy-to-complete online version of the survey.

Thank you.

Ann Lewandowski, University of Minnesota, 612-624-6765

You know you have elevated phosphorus levels in your lake, but how do you know where it is coming from? And more importantly, how do you determine the most effective way to spend your time and money to reduce phosphorus inputs to the lake? The Watershed Treatment Model (WTM) can help answer these questions. The WTM is a free tool to help you compare all the many sources of phosphorus to determine which are the most significant in your unique watershed. It can be used to analyze proposals for reducing phosphorus to see which will have a substantial impact.

If you are interested in learning to use the WTM, plan to attend one of the four training sessions in central Minnesota in June. Exact locations and dates will be announced soon. Contact Ann Lewandowski (612-624- 6765, alewand@umn.edu) for schedule information.

Photo credit: Eleanor Burkett

Karen Terry, University of Minnesota Extension, 888-241-0843

Have you ever been curious about the water quality in your lake or river and wondered what makes it better or worse? Do you have an erosion problem on your shoreline that you just don’t know how to fix? Curious about the rain gardens everyone is talking about these days? Or would you like to learn to identify those plants that grow in the water?

To learn answers to these and other questions, check out the lineup of workshops offered by the University of Minnesota Extension’s Shoreland Education Team. These workshops are designed to help you learn how to protect and improve water quality while creating and maintaining a healthy and attractive shoreline. Don’t see what you’re looking for? The Shoreland Education Team will develop workshops that fit your needs!

Shoreland Best Practices

Focuses on the hows’ and ‘whys’ of lakes, rivers, and watersheds. Teaches the basics of ecology, and can be tailored to suit your group’s interests.

Erosion Control for Property Owners

Teaches how to evaluate the condition of a shoreline, select the appropriate erosion control measure, and develop a lake-friendly stabilization plan for your shoreline.

Monitoring for Bacteria or Macroinvertebrates

Helps you characterize the health of your lake or stream based on the bacteria and macroinvertebrates living there.

Rain Gardens

Instructs you how to design and install a rain garden to minimize stormwater runoff on your property. The workshop also offers a hands-on component on installing a rain garden.

Aquatic or Wetland Plant Identification

Identify those mystery plants in your lake and learn how to use plant keys to determine which plants are growing in your lake, river, or wetland.

Algae Management

Explains why algae are a problem on some lakes, and shows you how to identify the algae.You will also learn about methods for managing and controlling algae.

Shoreland Landscaping

Offered as a series of introductory, advanced, hands-on planting and maintenance workshops. Taking them all is not required but many people do; these are popular classes. You will learn about landscaping projects that anyone can undertake to improve lakeshore or riverbank property.

Curlyleaf Pondweed Management

Even if curlyleaf pondweed has not invaded your lake, this workshop will teach you how to identify it, understand its unique life history, and help prevent new introductions.

Stop Aquatic Hitchhikers!

Teaches about the exotic plants and animals that live in your lake or river that you could do without, including how to identify them, what threats they pose, and what you can do to prevent their spread.

If you are interested in any of these workshops, check out the most up-to-date calendar online at http://blog.lib.umn.edu/shore/calendar/ or contact any of the educators listed at the end of this article to set up a workshop. Workshops are typically sponsored by a group such as a lake association, local unit of government, conservation organization, or watershed district, and can be held anywhere in Minnesota. You can download a brochure with more information about these workshops here.

Shoreland Education Contacts

Karen Terry

Fergus Falls, MN

888-241-0843

Eleanor Burkett

Brainerd, MN

888-241-0720

Mary Blickenderfer

Grand Rapids, MN

888-241-0885

Mary Blickenderfer, University of Minnesota Extension, 888-241-0885

Answer: Due to lack of snow cover, we anticipate a “bumper crop” of both this year!

It’s still winter 2007, but shoreland professionals are already anticipating a flood of phone calls this spring from shoreland property owners wanting to know what to do about the mountainous soil ridges (“ice ridges”) along their shoreline and the dense mat of “weeds” floating on their lake. Let’s take a closer look at both…

Ice ridges form when a moving ice sheet pushes up soil along a shoreline – much like a bulldozer. This can happen during a single, spring “ice-out” event or less noticeably as an ice sheet freezes and gradually expands throughout the winter. Anyone who has experienced frozen water pipes understands that water expands as it changes from a liquid to a solid. Similar forces may arise as our lakes freeze. In addition, a rise in air temperature during a typical winter day (or an approaching warm air mass) will cause the ice sheet to expand slightly, exerting a force outward. Then, as the air temperature cools at night (or with an approaching cold air mass) ice will contract, but it lacks the internal (tensile) strength to shrink back to its original size. Instead it cracks under tension, often producing a gap along the length of the crack into which lake water will seep. As this water freezes it expands, exerting an additional force outward. Under these forces, ice will sometimes buckle in the middle of the lake, but most often the force of the expanding ice is transmitted to the surrounding shores.

During a typical Minnesota winter, deep snow insulates the underlying ice sheet from temperature fluctuations and the ice sheet expands very little. However, during winters of little or no snow cover, ice exposed to daily and other periodic air temperature fluctuations will expand, exerting 8 tons per square foot of force on our shorelines. What happens to our shorelines as a result of this force depends upon many factors; several are related to the level of shoreline development. Undeveloped shorelines often have small, natural ice ridges, but incur relatively little ice damage compared to that of developed shorelines where it is common to see overturned rip rap, retaining walls thrust into the air, whole slabs of lake sediment deposited onto lawns, and ice ridges two feet high (see the Ice Damage Photo Contest announcement in this issue). For information and resources on how to deal with ice ridges, see “It’s Rough to Have Ridges – Living with Ice Ridges on Your Shoreline” in the From Shore to Shore March-April 2006 issue (http://shorelandmanagement.org/downloads/mar_apr06.pdf).

Curlyleaf pondweed is an aquatic invasive plant species that was introduced to the U.S. in the 1800s and has since spread to many bodies of water. It has a unique life cycle. Sprouting in autumn from dormant buds, called turions, which lie on the lake bottom, the young plants remain alive under the ice during the winter, giving them a jumpstart on the native plants that remain dormant until spring. Their competitive advantage over native aquatic plants tends to be even greater in years of little or no snow cover because their growth is more vigorous due to the additional light they receive through the ice. If you suspect curlyleaf pondweed is growing in your lake, you should consult with your local or regional Minnesota Department of Natural Resources fisheries office.